Dr Nick Mercer Essay Example for Free

Dr Nick Mercer Essay 1. Explain the logical positivism principle and how it leads Ayer to reject claims about values, God, and the afterlife. The cornerstone of LP beliefs was the principle of verification. This claims that a statement only has meaning if it is either analytic or empirically verifiable. An analytic statement is true (or false) just in virtue of the meaning of the words; â€Å"a bachelor is an unmarried man† is an analytically true, while â€Å"a square has three sides† is analytically false. A statement is empirically verifiable if empirical evidence would go towards establishing that the statement is true or false. For example, if I say â€Å"The moon is made of green cheese†, we can check this by scientific investigation. If I say â€Å"The universe has 600 trillion planets†, we can’t check this by scientific investigation in practice, but we can do so in principle. We know how to show whether it is true or false, so it is â€Å"verifiable† even if we can’t verify it. The principle of verification entails that claims about values, about what is right or wrong are meaningless. They are neither true nor false because they do not actually state anything. If I say â€Å"murder is wrong†, this is not analytic,  nor can any empirical investigation show this. We can show that murder causes grief and pain, or that it is often done out of anger. But we cannot demonstrate, in the same way, that is wrong. 2. What objection to logical positivism is based on ethics? â€Å"Statements of value† are empirical propositions – they are statements about our psychology or sociology. For instance, let’s try a though experiment. This one is from Jonathan Haidt. Julie and Mark are brother and sister and they go up to a cabin they know and spend the night there. While spending the night there they have sex with  each other, Julie in on the pill and Mark uses a condom so there is no chance that Julie will have a baby. The next morning they felt pretty good, they don’t feel shameful at all. Is what they did wrong? Incest thought experiment: people have in-built ‘yuck’ instinctive reaction towards incest (evolutionary psychology: evolved to have certain responses that lead to rapid judgments without being subject to reason). This statement of value describes a fact about our evolutionary psychology. 3. What four parts does a typical â€Å"system of ethics† have? State which parts are  philosophical and which are not, and explain why. 1. Definitions of ethical terms (i. e. the â€Å"good†, the â€Å"right†) 2. Descriptions of moral experience (feelings of approbation and disapprobation towards certain acts and certain people) 3. Exhortations to moral virtue (prescriptive commands that commend you to act in a certain way or have a certain character) 4. Ethical judgments (the process by which we come to decisions on whether an act or person is moral) Only the first one is philosophical. This is because in defining ethical terms one is an attempt to establish foundations for the claim that there is moral  knowledge. Defining the â€Å"good† in terms of the â€Å"right† or in terms of â€Å"value† is a properly philosophical inquiry because Descriptions of moral experience can be assigned to psychology and sociology. Exhortations to moral virtues are not propositions, they are commands designed to provoke the person into action. Ethical judgments have yet to be classified. 4. Why does Ayer reject the idea that â€Å"good† is definable in empirical terms? If we try and define the â€Å"good† in empirical terms, i. e. , the â€Å"good† is what is pleasurable (what is pleasurable can be empirically verified), or the â€Å"good† is  what is desired (what we feel towards people and acts can be empirically verified), in both cases we can show that some pleasant things are not good and that bad things are desired. By doing so we are demonstrating that it is not self-contradictory to say that pleasant things are not good. Empirical statements can be show to be true or false – X is Y, or X is not Y, but they can’t be both true and false – this is a contradiction. Pleasure can be both good and bad; desire can be both good and bad; without contradiction, so it is not definable in empirical terms. 5. Why does Ayer reject the idea that moral judgments can be known by intuition as self-evident truths? Intuitionism is moral theory that claims that basic judgments about what is good are intuitions. A self-evident judgment has no other evidence or proof but its own plausibility. Intuitionism is a form of moral foundationalism; our intuitions about what is good are self-evident judgments that require no other beliefs to support them. G. E. Moore argued that the â€Å"good† cannot be defined in any other terms as this would be committing the naturalistic fallacy: equating â€Å"good† with any natural  property like â€Å"happiness† Ayer rejects intuitionism on the basis that people disagree about what is intuitively self-evident. 6. How does Ayer analyse moral judgments? What does â€Å"Stealing is wrong mean†? Are such judgments true or false? â€Å"Stealing money is wrong† has no factual content. It is like exclaiming â€Å"stealing money! † It is an emotional expression, like saying â€Å"boo† to a team you don’t like. Expressions of moral sentiments can’t be true or false, just as feeling in love is not something that can be said to be true or false – your feelings can be misguided but they are not false. 7. Besides expressing feelings, what do moral judgments do? Arouse feeling on others. They can be prescriptive: â€Å"It is your duty to tell the truth† is both an emotive expression and an expression of the command â€Å"Tell the truth†. 8. What is the proper citation for determining the validity of a moral judgment? Moral judgments have no objective validity. They are not propositional and cannot be said to be valid or invalid, true or false. The correct citation for a moral judgment is to think of them as emotional exclamations: â€Å"Boo-hurrah! † 9. On Ayer’s view, does â€Å"Stealing is wrong† mean â€Å"I disapprove of stealing† or â€Å"I  dislike stealing†? To say â€Å"I disapprove of stealing† or â€Å"I dislike stealing† are subjectivist positions. To say â€Å"stealing is wrong† is to assert how you feel about stealing, and these statements are propositions about the speaker’s feelings (it is true or false whether the speaker has these feelings or not). For Ayer, the statement â€Å"Stealing is wrong† has no propositional content. It gives no indication of the truth of the speaker’s feelings but rather it is just an emotive expression. 10. To what extent are ethical disagreements resolvable by rational means? We attempt to show that someone is mistaken about facts. Emotivists suggest that we can argue over facts. For instance, I had an argument with my father when he came to Singapore as he refused to eat in a restaurant that was selling Shark Fin soup. His reasoning was that the practice of cutting fins of sharks and throwing them back into the water is cruel and causes great suffering to the shark. I then asked him if he shops at Woolworths which stock eggs laid by battery hens: hens kept in tiny cages their whole lives which is cruel and causes great suffering. The disagreement could be potentially resolved if my dad excepted that it was  logically inconsistent to say that he wouldn’t eat at a restaurant that sold shark fin soup but he would shop at a supermarket that sold eggs laid by battery hens. But once we agree on all the facts in a moral disagreement there still might be a dispute over attitudes. For example, I might hold the attitude that human beings are much more sophisticated animals than sharks or hens and so the suffering of these animals for our purposes is justified. You might hold the attitude that while human being are more sophisticated animals than sharks or hens this does not justify the suffering of these animals for our purposes.

Janet and Edies life Essay -- Character Analysis, Edie, Mrs. Peebles

In both short stories, â€Å"How I Met My Husband† in Something I’ve Been Meaning to Tell Youand â€Å"The Moons of Jupiter† in My Best Stories, Munro uses the first person narrator to tell the story. As well as each story has a way of showing a relationship between their families and their distant, especially their relationship with men which lead to surprising and unexpected events.The story of â€Å"How I met my Husband† is about a woman, Edie, tells her story and life from a 15 years young girl perspective and tells how she meets withher husband. Although in â€Å"The moons of Jupiter† is narrated by Janet, a woman who tells her story about her family and how her father has been hospitalized and faces the possibility of dying during heart surgery, she also tells how her relationship with her father and daughters is distant. This essay will analyze the first person narrator’s life and relationship with their families and shows the distant between the characters. In both Munro’s stories, the main characters tell their past and how they lived. The short story of â€Å"How I Met My Husband† is told from the first-person point of view, the story layers the voice of the fifteen-year-old Edie. The story is told as a memory when Edie is old and a married woman. Edie tells her past life which she spent in the country, she is a hired girl for Peebles family that lives in the country, and this was her first job. She always compares country and city’s life, and how she lived. She compares the values of the country and city and how that is different from each other: Dessert was never to write home about, at their place. A dish or Jello or sliced bananas or fruit out of a tin. â€Å"Have a house without pie, be ashamed until you die,† my mother used to say, but M... ...on of her father. Theirs was not a warm relationship; both as a child and as an adult she felt either blamed or disapproved of by her father. Ironically, as a parent now herself, she has daughters who are emotionally distant and remind her of herself at their ages. There are tensions with Judith, and Nichola does not visit or even call during the time her mother is in Toronto. To conclude, both Munro’s stories have similarities and differenced between the main characters, Edie and Janet, in their relationships with others and their past life. From Munro’s stories we can see how the aspects of distant and relationship can occur in more than one family but in different ways. So the similarity of the both stories is that both characters, Edie and Janet tell the story by comparing their past and present life. And show the weak relationship between their families.

Ethics and The Truman Show Essay

In Psychological research, the importance of the building of trust and protection of individuals’ rights relies on the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics, compiled by The Australian Psychological Society (APS) provides guidelines that must be followed when working with people and animals in research situations and all other areas of professional practice (Grivas & Carter, 2005). The importance of maintaining several ethical standards is highlighted in the present discussion, with reference to the film The Truman Show (2008). The ethical standards include Confidentiality, Informed Consent, The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants. Confidentiality and Informed Consent are all important ethical principles that are related to the film The Truman Show. Confidentiality is that participants have a right to privacy. This is important so participants’ private information is not shared with the whole world. An example of this being breached is when Truman is born in front of a world audience, on a TV show that millions of people are watching 24/7. Informed Consent is that wherever possible, the participants must be appropriately informed of what the study is about and the reasons it’s being conducted (Grivas & Carter, 2005). This ethical principle is important so that the participant knows what is going on. An example of this being violated in the film is that Truman does not know his life is a TV show, so he must not have been told the necessary details and reasons why the experiment is being conducted. Both of these main ethical standards, Confidentiality and Informed Consent are breached in the film Th e Truman Show. The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants are both important ethical standards that are related to the film The Truman Show. The Right to Withdraw ensures that the participant knows that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time. This is important so that the participant doesn’t feel pressured to stay in the experiment if they change their mind and decide they do not want to participate any more. An example of this being violated in the film is when Truman wants to go to Fiji to escape his strange reality, and there are no plane flights until a few months away, so he cannot leave. No Harm To Participants is that participants must not be harmed in any way (Grivas & Carter, 2005). This is important so that  participants do not get mentally or physically harmed in the experiment. An example of this being breached in the film, is that Truman is mentally unwell because he was so unsure of what was going on around him. He began to feel a false sense of security, especially when he realised that the same things were happening each day, and the same people were popping in and out of his life everyday. Both of these main ethical principles are violated in the film The Truman Show. Ethics are important in psychological research because they ensure privacy and safety for the participants. The APS has compiled their own set of guidelines, known as the Code of Ethics. This set of standards includes a number of principles which must be followed in psychological studies. Some of these principles include Confidentiality, Informed Consent, The Right to Withdraw and No Harm to Participants. These standards are all related to the film The Truman Show, in which they are all violated. References Carter, L. & Grivas, J. (2005) Psychology for the VCE Student. Units 1and 2 (5th Ed.) Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. p. 81-88.

John F. Kennedy s President Of The United States Essay

â€Å"And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can for you – ask what you can do for your country.† John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was the top rated and popular president the U.S. has ever had. During his roughly 1000 days in office he had an approval rating of 70% with the closest being Dwight Eisenhower with 65%. Since then, 74% of people believe he did an above average or outstanding job while only 3% believe he did a below average or poor job. With all of those facts, November 22, 1963, may go down as one of the most controversial days in the United States of America. President Kennedy was visiting Dallas during his re-election campaign. During a democratic gathering, Kennedy stressed the importance of winning Florida and Texas for the upcoming election. He then planned trips to both states to try to win over the people and also the democratic leaders in those states. First lady, Jacqueline Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy left the White House on November 21 on Air Force One. The President’s first stop was San Antonio where he met Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Governor John B. Connally, and Senator Ralph W. Yarborough. He had a few meetings in San Antonio but ended the day at a hotel in Fort Worth. When he woke up, he had a small rally where he was received very well. After the rally, he and his party made their way to Dallas. The couple was met by hundreds of supporters at their airport and they, and the Connally’s, got into the openShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy s President Of The United States1813 Words   |  8 PagesJohn F. Kennedy When John F Kennedy served as the 35th president of the United States his overall goal was to issue civil rights for everyone. Fortunately, he was very successful in doing so when he achieved this goal before being assassinated. Many people would argue his presidency was a failure due to the Cuban missile crisis that almost started a nuclear war, however, due to Kennedy s leadership we were able to come to a peaceful agreement. John F Kennedy was successful in office because heRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s President Of The United States1171 Words   |  5 Pagescase it is the former president of the United Sates John F. Kennedy, one of the most legendary president of the United States. He is listed as the youngest elected president and die at the heart of its mandate to the presidency of the United States, killed two years after entering the White House. Today it remains the only American president of the Catholic faith; and the current president of the United States Barack Obama con sidered the first black president of the United States. The two men who haveRead MoreAnalysis Of President John F. Kennedy s Short Term As President Of The United States1544 Words   |  7 PagesEssay- President John F. Kennedy MSgt Corey B. Kennedy Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy For two years and ten months, America had a visionary leader that inspired a generation to achieve things as a country once thought impossible. For two years and ten months, America had a president that used ethical leadership in decisions that impacted not just the United States, but the world as a whole, and left a lasting legacy. There are a many defining moments from President John F. Kennedy’sRead Moreâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagestheir names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. Kennedy but also be jealous of his wife that he was married to at the time. John F. Kennedy is well known for his affair with Marilyn Monroe the world’s leading bombshell blonde in the 1960’s. This President is also wellRead MoreOn May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts, Mr. John Frederick806 Words   |  4 PagesBrookline, Massachusetts, Mr. John Frederick Kennedy was born. John F Kennedy was one of nine children born to Joseph and Rose Kennedy(a very wealthy family). His father Joseph Kennedy was a businessman and politician while his mother Rose Kennedy was a philanthropist and socialite. Due to his family’s wealth, John F Kennedy s education was more than respectable, attending many private schools since g rade school. Once it was time for higher education John F Kennedy briefly attended Princeton UniversityRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Not Only A Great President But A Naval897 Words   |  4 PagesJohn F. Kennedy not only a great president but a naval hero to our country. He stopped The Cuban Missile Crisis in which was almost a nuclear world war and he is recognized as one of the best presidents ever. John F. Kennedy is one of the greatest presidents ever and he had many great achievements. John F. Kennedy was president from January 20, 1961 through November 22,1963 when he was assassinated in Texas. John F. Kennedy was born on May 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the 35thRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has an opinion about the president. Whether they like the president or dislike the president, someone has an opinion. There are only a few good president in the history of America that people can actually say they liked and enjoyed where they lead this country. One of those few presidents was President John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulnessRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1654 Words   |  7 PagesAddress of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’sRead MoreJfk s Alleged Assassin By Geoff Hamilton Claims1223 Words   |  5 Pagesof JFK s Alleged Assassin in Recent American Literature† author Geoff Hamilton claims, â€Å"He learned to register more keenly than others the maddening and stultifying tendencies of the culture, and his lessons are written into the substance of 22 November 1963... his historical role infinitely larger than anyone would like... who [Oswald] can tell us most about what s killing us.† (pg.664). Nobody knows for sure who killed the president because Lee Oswald, the only suspect for the assassination,Read MoreThe Inaugur al Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesAddress of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’s

How to Count Italian Numbers Beyond One Hundred

Now that you know how to count from one to one hundred in Italian, how do you count from one hundred and up? These numbers, while a bit more complex, are useful to know for higher-priced items (learn about how to talk about prices here), saying the year, and being able to talk about items in large quantities. While the pattern is straightforward, there are some differences to highlight. For example, there is no Italian equivalent for the English way of saying â€Å"eleven hundred† or   Ã¢â‚¬Å"twelve hundred.† Instead, you would say â€Å"millecento - 1100† or â€Å"milleduecento -1200.† Writing Numbers in Italian When you’re writing numbers in Italian, English and Italian have a few differences. First, the function of periods and commas is reversed. Therefore, the number 1.000 one thousand (or mille in Italian) and 1,5 one point five or one and five tenths. In Italian, that would be â€Å"uno virgola cinque.† The indefinite article is not used with â€Å"cento - hundred† and â€Å"mille - thousand,† but it is used with â€Å"milione - million.† cento favole - a hundred fablesmille notti - a thousand nightsun milione di dollari - a million dollars â€Å"Cento† has no plural form, but â€Å"mille† has the plural form â€Å"mila.† cento lire - 100 liraduecento lire - 200 liramille lire - 1000 liraduemila lire - 2000 liratremila euro - 3000 euros FUN FACT: Lira was the old form of currency in Italy. L. is the abbreviation for lira/lire. This is where the common expression â€Å"Non ho una lira - I don’t have any money† comes from in Italian. Milione (plural milioni) and miliardo (plural miliardi) require the preposition â€Å"di† when they occur directly before a noun. In Italia ci sono 57 milioni di abitanti. - In Italy, there are 57 million inhabitants.Il governo ha speso molti miliardi di dollari. - The government has spent many billions of dollars. Saying the Year You can also use these numbers to say the year.   Let’s use the year 1929 as an example. The number you’re going to start with will be the biggest. 1000 - mille Then, you’ll use 900 - novecento Finally, you’ll cover the last two numbers 29 - ventinove All of that together makes: millenovecento ventinove Here are some other years as examples: 2010 - duemila dieci2000 - duemila1995 - millenovecento novantacinque1984 - millenovecento ottanta quattro A few things to note: -- When you’re talking about years in the 21st century, you use â€Å"duemila† and NOT â€Å"due mille†, like in duemila quattro (2004).   Ã‚   -- If you want to just say ‘84 instead of 1984, you would say â€Å"l’ottantaquattro.† -- If you want to say â€Å"In 1984†, you would use the articulated preposition â€Å"nell’84,† or â€Å"durante l’84† before the numbers. Italian Numbers One Hundred and Greater 100 cento 1.000 mille 101 centouno 1.001 milleuno 150 centocinquanta 1.200 milleduecento 200 duecento 2.000 duemila 300 trecento 10.000 diecimila 400 quattrocento 15.000 quindicimila 500 cinquecento 100.000 centomila 600 seicento 1.000.000 un milione 700 settecento 2.000.000 due milioni 800 ottocento 1.000.000.000 un miliardo 900 novecento 2.000.000.000 due miliardi

Why Universities Have Adopted Academic Integrity Policies

Often, having a college degree creates a sense of pride and accomplishment in an individual as well as the people around them. They are seen with more respect and admiration and are considered to be more successful. However, their degree would have no value if the university they attended was known for their lack of academic integrity. Cheating in universities has become a huge problem in today’s society. This is why universities have adopted academic integrity policies. This importance of honesty is especially crucial for major research universities such as Oklahoma State University(OSU) and The University of North Texas(UNT). These two universities are similar in the way that they are both research based, division I universities but differ greatly in size; OSU’s main campus student population stands in at about 26,000 students whereas UNT’s population is around 37,000. This difference in population size derives from the location of the universities. OSU’s main campus is located in the small town of Stillwater, Oklahoma, while UNT’s main campus is located in the much bigger city of Denton, TX. Both OSU and UNT were founded in 1890. In that time, technology in the classrooms was no problem at all, problems began to emerge once cellphones became available in the early 2000’s. Without the technology we have today, cheating at the university level was not an easy task. In todays society however, having endless amounts of information at ones’ fingertips is both aShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : Alpha s Vision And Values Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesidea with the University Panhellenic Council are described in the Panhellenic Leadership section. Additionally, the New Member Chairman and her assistants will outline strict and straightforward rules regarding alcohol on Bid Day. While these rules specifically refer to activities on Bid Day, they will set a precedent for all Kappa events. These rules will have clear consequences, including referrals to the Standards Committee. Chapter Council will emphasize a zero-tolerance policy. The New MemberRead MoreEssay about Arguments for Open Adoption Records1721 Words   |  7 Pagesstates records are completely prohibited and the adoptee will never have any access to them. Alaska and Kansas have always made original birth records available. As an adoptee, I feel that all adoption records should be open. I believe that this can only strengthen the quality of the institution of adoption itself and positively affect all those involved in it. I am not one of those people who did not know I was adopted. I have always known. My parents are good and loving, and provided me withRead MoreFreedom of Speech at College2731 Words   |  11 PagesFree Speech on College Campuses Universities are considering adopting speech codes that would put a ban on offensive, demeaning, and provoking speech. The developments of these speech codes are not necessary. Sheltering students from speech that might offend them is patronizing to say the least. Do college officials really believe the students are too weak to live with the Bill of Rights? The fact of the matter is that speech codes on college campuses are threatening students’ freedom of speechRead MoreThe Business Administration Online Degree Completion Program1809 Words   |  8 Pages I am a senior in the Business Administration Online degree completion program and currently working in the Accounts Receivable department at Fayetteville Technical Community College. I chose to research and write on Duke University Hospital for two reasons. First, my youngest daughter and sister-in-law were both patients at Duke that received excellent care. My daughter had a pediatric brain tumor and had surgery a t Duke in 1999 and my late sister-in-law had terminal cancer and unfortunatelyRead MoreInformation Technology Does More Goods Than Harms5156 Words   |  21 PagesOboni Society (in Ikwerre land), Ekpo Society (in Cross River State), The Odumu Masquerade (in Okrika Land), The Akujane Society (in Igala land), The Ejalekwu Society (in Idoma land),The Eyo Society (in Lagos), to mention but a few.    These societies have their belief system and their main ingredients tightly protected. For instance, The Akujane masquerade is a powerful phenomenon that no person dares to see its head as any intruder is punished with disgrace and even death. But one ‘positive’ thingRead MoreWhy The Radical Pluralism Account Is The Penal Crisis Better2212 Words   |  9 PagesWhy the Radical Pluralism Account Explains the Penal Crisis Better Than the Orthodox Account Name: Robin Ellis Module: Prisons Penology - June 2015 - Mid-Module Assignment Tutor: Hilary Miller Submission Date: 27th July 2015 Confidentiality: I have read, understand and adhere to the KOL Confidentiality Policy. Academic Integrity Statement: I have read and understood the Academic Integrity guidelines for Kaplan Open Learning and the University Of Essex, and declare thatRead MoreFjjj7044 Words   |  29 PageseLearning Netiquette is available at http://www.uow.edu.au/student/elearning/netiquette/index.html. The basic principles of Netiquette also apply to email communication. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia Copyright Regulations 1969  © 2013 University of Wollongong The original material prepared for this guide is covered by copyright. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by anyRead MoreThe One and Done Rule: Nba6757 Words   |  28 Pagesbargaining agreement (CBA), the policy for player eligibility states: The player (A) is or will be at least 19 years of age during the calendar year in which the Draft is held, and (B) with respect to a player who is not an international player (defined below), at least one (1) NBA Season has elapsed since the player’s graduation from high school (or, if the player did not graduate from high school, since the graduation of the class with which the player would have graduated had he graduated fromRead MoreInternational Relations: Japan’s Engagement with China, 1990-20103146 Words   |  13 Pagestheorists have attempted to provide reason and understanding behind the decisions made by nation-states. 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Animal Farm Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Essay Animal FarmGeorge Orwells novel, Animal Farm, is a deceitfully simple story abouta group of farm animals who, tired of toiling for the benefit of humans, rebeland create their own way of life only to find themselves, several years later,toiling for the benefit of one of their own kind, the pigs. Because of thesimplicity of this novel, many people consider it to be a childrens story. However, beyond its lighthearted surface, it is truly a satirical attackagainst Stalinism. It is also a lament for the fate of revolutions and thehopes contained in them. Adding to the complexity of the book, it also showsmans willingness to compromise the truth. In the short scope of this novel,Orwell expresses many of his ideas about men and politics. Major, an elderly pig, is the one who plants the seed of rebellion inthe minds of the other animals by sharing with them a song which he had learnedas a young pig, but which he has just recalled during a dream. This songBeasts of England describes a peaceful life where all animals will live inharmony, no longer enslaved by humans. Riches more than mind can picture,Wheat and barley, oats and hay,Clover, beans and mangel-wurzelsShall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England,Purer shall its waters be,Sweeter yet shall blow its breezesOn the day that sets us free. (pp. 7-8)The character of Major symbolizes the Soviet Union leader, Vladimir Ilich Lennin. Lennin too had caused his comrades to rise up in rebellion against the Czaristform of government in the hope of creating a country where everyone would beequal. Before he saw his ideas fully enacted, he died. After the death of Major, the power is left in the hands of two otherpigs, Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon, who, without anyone else discovering,had raised a litter of puppies into fierce dogs, now uses them to chase Snowballoff the farm. This shares many similarities with the way a leader came intopower to succeed Lennin. Lennins choice was Leon Trotsky, but Stalin, who isrepresented by Napoleon, uses tactful maneuvers to work his way into governmentand establish a totalitarian system. As the only leader, Napoleon quickly begins to abuse his power. Usinghis superior intelligence, he soon has the other animals doing all the farm workwhile he and the other pigs take on the roles of supervisors. The attitudes ofthe animals, especially Boxer, with his motto, Napoleon is always right, arerepresentative of the way people in a totalitarian state blindly follow theirleader. One of the most important reasons for this blind faith is fear. Napoleon creates this fear through the use of his dogs, who make sure there isno opposition to his rule. Fear alone, though, does not keep the animals loyal;rather it is the combination of fear and the hope that their original dreamswill still come true. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major hadforetold, when the green fields of Englandshould be untrodden by human feet, was stillbelieved in. (p. 85)This is the general feeling of the animals and keeps them working hard to reachtheir goals. Over time, we see the pigs becoming more and more like humans. First wesee them sleeping in beds, then drinking alcohol, and finally walking on twolegs. Everyone of these things is strictly prohibited in the sevencommandments; however, Napoleon has bent the rules to help himself, so when theother animals check the rules, they have miraculously changed. This is a traitinherent in most of mankind they seem only to follow the truth when the truthsuits them. If it does not, they change it to meet their needs. .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .postImageUrl , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:hover , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:visited , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:active { border:0!important; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:active , .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5 .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19c97683c70f7c3289dac87829c96bb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Cyclothymia a Disorder EssayWhat begins as a wonderful dream where animals would control their ownlives, free of human control, ends with the animals under the control of an evenmore oppressive ruler. Lennins overthrow of the oppressive Czarist government,in the end, led to the tyrannical and totalitarian reign of Stalin. As long asthere are such beliefs as, All animals are equal, but some animals are moreequal than others, (p. 88) all rebellions for equality will fail because therewill always be some group to fill the role of superiority.